Questões de Concurso

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  It has taken many years to bring the language teaching profession around to realizing the importance of listening in second and foreign language learning. As observed by Rivers, long an advocate for listening comprehension, “Speaking does not of itself constitute communication unless what is said is comprehended by another person”. Teaching the comprehension of spoken speech is therefore of primary importance if the communication aim is to be reached” (1966, pp. 196, 204). The reasons for the nearly total neglect of listening are difficult to assess, but as Morley notes, “Perhaps an assumption that listening is a reflex, a little like breathing - listening seldom receives overt teaching attention in one’s native language - has masked the importance and complexity of listening with understanding in a non-native language” (1972, p. vii).

  In reality, listening is used far more than any other single language skill in normal daily life. On average, we can expect to listen twice as much as we speak, four times more than we read, and five times more than we write.

(Joan Morley,. In: Marianne Celce-Murcia, (Ed.). Teaching English as a

second or foreign language. Boston: Heinle&Heinle-Thomson, 2001. Adaptado)

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   Based on theoretical, experimental, and experiential knowledge, teachers and teacher educators have expressed their dissatisfaction with method in different ways. Studies clearly demonstrate that, even as the methodological band played on, practicing teachers have been marching to a different drum.

  In this sense, the post method condition is established as a timely response. It signifies interrelated attributes. First and foremost, it signifies a search for an alternative to method rather than an alternative method. While alternative methods are primarily products of top-down processes, alternatives to method are mainly products of bottom-up processes. In practical terms, this means that we need to refigure the relationship between the theorizer and the practitioner of language teaching. If the concept of method authorizes theorizers to centralize pedagogic decision-making, the postmethod condition enables practitioners to generate location-specific, classroom-oriented innovative strategies.

  Secondly, the postmethod condition signifies teacher autonomy. The conventional concept of method “overlooks the fund of experience and tacit knowledge about teaching which the teachers already have by virtue of their lives as students” (Freeman, 1991). The postmethod condition, however, recognizes the teachers’ potential to know not only how to teach but also how to act autonomously within the academic and administrative constraints imposed by institutions, curricula, and textbooks. It also promotes the ability of teachers to know how to develop a critical approach in order to self-observe, self-analyze, and self-evaluate their own teaching practice with a view to effecting desired changes.

(B. Kumaravadivelu, Beyond Methods: Macrostrategies for language

teaching. Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2003. Adaptado)

Read the text to answer question.

   Based on theoretical, experimental, and experiential knowledge, teachers and teacher educators have expressed their dissatisfaction with method in different ways. Studies clearly demonstrate that, even as the methodological band played on, practicing teachers have been marching to a different drum.

  In this sense, the post method condition is established as a timely response. It signifies interrelated attributes. First and foremost, it signifies a search for an alternative to method rather than an alternative method. While alternative methods are primarily products of top-down processes, alternatives to method are mainly products of bottom-up processes. In practical terms, this means that we need to refigure the relationship between the theorizer and the practitioner of language teaching. If the concept of method authorizes theorizers to centralize pedagogic decision-making, the postmethod condition enables practitioners to generate location-specific, classroom-oriented innovative strategies.

  Secondly, the postmethod condition signifies teacher autonomy. The conventional concept of method “overlooks the fund of experience and tacit knowledge about teaching which the teachers already have by virtue of their lives as students” (Freeman, 1991). The postmethod condition, however, recognizes the teachers’ potential to know not only how to teach but also how to act autonomously within the academic and administrative constraints imposed by institutions, curricula, and textbooks. It also promotes the ability of teachers to know how to develop a critical approach in order to self-observe, self-analyze, and self-evaluate their own teaching practice with a view to effecting desired changes.

(B. Kumaravadivelu, Beyond Methods: Macrostrategies for language

teaching. Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2003. Adaptado)

    The world’s oceans experience unprecedented rising temperatures: last month, the average global sea surface temperature reached a record 21° Celsius. Last week, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reported the 4th global bleaching event on record. A press release stated, “Within the last 14 months, significant coral bleaching has been documented in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres of each major ocean basin. Since 2023, the problem has become more frequent in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans.”

    According to NOAA, warmer ocean temperatures can result in expulsion of algae that live in the coral tissue, leaving the coral completely white - something known as ‘coral bleaching’. This does not necessarily mean corals will die, as they can recover if the strain on their ecosystems is reduced. At a local level, storms, disease, sediments and changes in salinity can cause corals to bleach. However, mass bleaching, which is when several varieties of coral reefs are bleached, is largely caused by increased sea temperatures. When these events are sufficiently severe or prolonged, they can cause coral mortality, which hurts the people who depend on the coral reefs for their livelihoods.

    In 2019, NOAA published a study that provided “resiliencebased management practices” and __________ the importance of coral restoration. “We are on the frontlines of coral reef research, management and restoration, and are actively and aggressively implementing the recommendations of the 2019 study.” A buoy in Florida reported an ocean temperature of 38° Celsius in July 2023, according to meteorologists at the time. In response, NOAA started a program to attempt to offset the effects of global climate change on the local coral reefs by moving coral nurseries to deeper, cooler waters and deploying sunshades to protect corals in other areas.

    The world’s oceans experience unprecedented rising temperatures: last month, the average global sea surface temperature reached a record 21° Celsius. Last week, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reported the 4th global bleaching event on record. A press release stated, “Within the last 14 months, significant coral bleaching has been documented in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres of each major ocean basin. Since 2023, the problem has become more frequent in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans.”

    According to NOAA, warmer ocean temperatures can result in expulsion of algae that live in the coral tissue, leaving the coral completely white - something known as ‘coral bleaching’. This does not necessarily mean corals will die, as they can recover if the strain on their ecosystems is reduced. At a local level, storms, disease, sediments and changes in salinity can cause corals to bleach. However, mass bleaching, which is when several varieties of coral reefs are bleached, is largely caused by increased sea temperatures. When these events are sufficiently severe or prolonged, they can cause coral mortality, which hurts the people who depend on the coral reefs for their livelihoods.

    In 2019, NOAA published a study that provided “resiliencebased management practices” and __________ the importance of coral restoration. “We are on the frontlines of coral reef research, management and restoration, and are actively and aggressively implementing the recommendations of the 2019 study.” A buoy in Florida reported an ocean temperature of 38° Celsius in July 2023, according to meteorologists at the time. In response, NOAA started a program to attempt to offset the effects of global climate change on the local coral reefs by moving coral nurseries to deeper, cooler waters and deploying sunshades to protect corals in other areas.